Tuesday, June 23, 2015

Respiratory System (2)
1. NOSE:-   A. Epistaxis:- 

  • also known as :- nose bleed 
1. Definition:- 
Bleeding from  the nose 
most common from one nostril 

2. Causes:- 
   1. local:- 

       A. Sudden trauma (physical or mechanical)
       B. Very cold air 
       C. Very dry air 
       D. foreign body 
       E. inflammation ( acute or chronic)
       F. Tumor 


    2. General:-

May be a symptom of other disease :-
      A. hypertension 
      B. blood thinners as ( Aspirin, warfarin, coumadin)
               1. Aspocid®   2. Marivan®      3. Plavix®       4. Stroka®         5. Clopex
               6. Aggrex®    7. Aspocard®     8. Jusprin®    9. Rivo®            10. Asprin protect® 
      C. Fever
      D. Vit. K and C deficiency 

May be due to :-
             1. Allergies
           

3. Treatment:-
 A.  Non- Pharmacological Treatment:- 
          1. Asking about nose problems 
          2. Asking about CVS diseases as ( Hypertension)
          3. Asking about medications as ( Blood thinners )
          4. Asking about blood vessels problems as ( Fragile blood vessels)

B. First Aid:-
          1. Sit down and gently squeeze the soft portion of the nose about 5-10 minutes
          2. lean forward to avoid swallowing of blood 
          3. DO NOT lie back 
          4. DO NOT pack the inside of the nose 
          5. AVOID sniffing and blowing 
          6. Use your mouth for breathing 
          7. Apply cold compresses or ice across the bridge of the nose 

C. Pharmacological Treatment ;- 
        1. Epinephrine :-
              A. Trade mark :- Epinephrine    or   Adrenaline               ( Amp.)
              B. USE:-     A. Not for injection
                                  B. Put contents of ampule on cotton piece and insert gently into the       
                                       bleeding nostril 
                                  C. Avoided in case of CVS patients as hypertension 

             C. Action:- Vasoconstricor 
             D. Market :- 
                                1. Epinephrine   (Amp.)          0.25 mg/ml     MISR PH.             2 LE
                                2. Adrenaline     (Amp.)           1 mg/ml         Memphis /Cid     1, 2 LE

             
             E.  Cautions :- cardiovascular patients (HTN)

      2. Anti - Hemorrhagic:- 
               ( decrease bleeding )
            A.  Active ingredients :- 
                                 1. Tranexamic acid                  2. Ethamsylate             3. Vit. K

           
            B. Marketing:- 
                    1. Tranexamic acid:-   most common Kapron
                    2. Ethamsylate  :-  Dicynone®            Haemostop ®             Haemostat ®  
                    3. Vit. K :-     Amri K®            Konakion®             Haemokion®  

           C. Use :- IM injection 

       3. Diosmin  and Rutin and vit C :-
                ( decrease blood vessels fragility)
         
          A. Market :- Daflon®          diosmin+hesperidin (500+50 mg)        Servier        37 LE
                                Dafrex®          diosmin+hesperidin (500+50 mg)        Egyphar      10.5 LE
                                Ruta  c ®         rutin   (rutin 60 mg+ vit. C 160 mg)    Pharco        3.75 LE 


          B. Use:-    used in case of repeated bleeding 
                           1 tab or  2 tab  every 12 hour for two weeks 

      
        4.  Oxymetazoline :-
                    ( Topical use, direct acting sympathomimetic, Vasoconstrictor )

                A. Market:-        Afrin ®    0.025%    0.5%      drops  and spray           Scherring   10 LE
                B.   Use :-             drop or spray  / 4 times/ day     for   1-3 day 
                C. Caution :-      do not use more than 4 days to avoid rebound congestion 
                

        5. Xylometazine :-  Otrivin  drops     as above 

        6. Antibiotics :- in case of  infectious cause 


D. Surgical treatment ;-  diathermy  or arterial ligation in severe causes  



Image result for treatment of nose bleeding
     Image result for treatment of nose bleeding 
Special thanks to Dr. Mina Ezat  ( Faculty of medicine, Pathology department)



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