1. NOSE:- A. Epistaxis:-
- also known as :- nose bleed
Bleeding from the nose
most common from one nostril
2. Causes:-
1. local:-
A. Sudden trauma (physical or mechanical)
B. Very cold air
C. Very dry air
D. foreign body
E. inflammation ( acute or chronic)
F. Tumor
May be a symptom of other disease :-
A. hypertension
B. blood thinners as ( Aspirin, warfarin, coumadin)
1. Aspocid® 2. Marivan® 3. Plavix® 4. Stroka® 5. Clopex
6. Aggrex® 7. Aspocard® 8. Jusprin® 9. Rivo® 10. Asprin protect®
C. Fever
D. Vit. K and C deficiency
May be due to :-
1. Allergies
3. Treatment:-
A. Non- Pharmacological Treatment:-
1. Asking about nose problems
2. Asking about CVS diseases as ( Hypertension)
3. Asking about medications as ( Blood thinners )
4. Asking about blood vessels problems as ( Fragile blood vessels)
B. First Aid:-
1. Sit down and gently squeeze the soft portion of the nose about 5-10 minutes
2. lean forward to avoid swallowing of blood
3. DO NOT lie back
4. DO NOT pack the inside of the nose
5. AVOID sniffing and blowing
6. Use your mouth for breathing
7. Apply cold compresses or ice across the bridge of the nose
C. Pharmacological Treatment ;-
1. Epinephrine :-
A. Trade mark :- Epinephrine or Adrenaline ( Amp.)
B. USE:- A. Not for injection
B. Put contents of ampule on cotton piece and insert gently into the
bleeding nostril
C. Avoided in case of CVS patients as hypertension
C. Action:- Vasoconstricor
D. Market :-
1. Epinephrine (Amp.) 0.25 mg/ml MISR PH. 2 LE
2. Adrenaline (Amp.) 1 mg/ml Memphis /Cid 1, 2 LE
E. Cautions :- cardiovascular patients (HTN)
2. Anti - Hemorrhagic:-
( decrease bleeding )
A. Active ingredients :-
1. Tranexamic acid 2. Ethamsylate 3. Vit. K
B. Marketing:-
1. Tranexamic acid:- most common Kapron
2. Ethamsylate :- Dicynone® Haemostop ® Haemostat ®
3. Vit. K :- Amri K® Konakion® Haemokion®
C. Use :- IM injection
3. Diosmin and Rutin and vit C :-
( decrease blood vessels fragility)
A. Market :- Daflon® diosmin+hesperidin (500+50 mg) Servier 37 LE
Dafrex® diosmin+hesperidin (500+50 mg) Egyphar 10.5 LE
Ruta c ® rutin (rutin 60 mg+ vit. C 160 mg) Pharco 3.75 LE
B. Use:- used in case of repeated bleeding
1 tab or 2 tab every 12 hour for two weeks
4. Oxymetazoline :-
( Topical use, direct acting sympathomimetic, Vasoconstrictor )
A. Market:- Afrin ® 0.025% 0.5% drops and spray Scherring 10 LE
B. Use :- drop or spray / 4 times/ day for 1-3 day
C. Caution :- do not use more than 4 days to avoid rebound congestion
6. Antibiotics :- in case of infectious cause
D. Surgical treatment ;- diathermy or arterial ligation in severe causes
Special thanks to Dr. Mina Ezat ( Faculty of medicine, Pathology department)
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